On April 7, 2003, on the bicentennial of the death of Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Bertrand Aristide officially demanded that France return the sum paid by Haiti in the 19th century in exchange for the recognition of its independence. This “ransom of independence,” as it is commonly known, amounted to 150 million francs in gold (or approximately 90 million francs actually paid) and, according to Aristide, represented more than 21 billion U.S. dollars, taking into account accumulated interest.
According to President Aristi
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